![]() ![]() ![]() Local intercellular communication is the province of the paracrine, also called a paracrine factor, which is a chemical that induces a response in neighboring cells. The cells that secrete IL-1 have receptors on their cell surface that bind these molecules, resulting in autocrine signaling. Interleukin-1, or IL-1, is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in inflammatory response. An autocrine (auto- = “self”) is a chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it. In contrast, autocrine signaling takes place within the same cell. In endocrine signaling, hormones secreted into the extracellular fluid diffuse into the blood or lymph, and can then travel great distances throughout the body. Moreover, adipose tissue has long been known to produce hormones, and recent research has revealed that even bone tissue has endocrine functions. The hypothalamus, thymus, heart, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, liver, skin, ovaries, and testes are other organs that contain cells with endocrine function. For example, the pancreas contains cells that function in digestion as well as cells that secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels. Some of these glands have both endocrine and non-endocrine functions. ![]()
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